Gold And Its Amazing Features

His beautiful color - rare among metal - and his wonderful glow are most likely the first qualities that have attracted people to gold since prehistory. And using it, they found the weather and other qualities, thanks to which they valued more, for millennia. Until today, gold continues to be highly valued in both art and science because of its remarkable properties. At first, it was perhaps that could be valued for easy processing: from pieces of native gold (found as such) could be reached fairly quickly ornaments: gold can be processed easily, even cold, even with of primitive tools. This property, called malleability, made possible to obtain the most beautiful jewelry, but also the most sumptuous gilded decorations. Gold is very malleable and ductile of the metals . Due to the extraordinary malleability (ability to withstand high compressive forces, which manifests itself can be stretched into sheets without breaking), gold can be beaten by a fine foil incredible: a single gram is obtain a thin film, translucent, with an area of 1 square meter! Ductility is seen in the possibility of being drawn into wires - the wires that can be obtained are thinner, the metal is more ductile. Delicate gold jewelry wire, sometimes true gold wirelace, can be made because of metal ductility. Gold is one of the most dense metals - or of the hardest, as they say in familiar language, is heavier than lead, which has a density of 11 340 kg/m3, while gold is 19 300 kg/m3. (The heaviest metal, the highest density is osmium - 22 610 kg/m3).

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InfoNews: Six characters who sold their soul to the devil

There had always been rumors of people who sold their soul to the devil, and this May especially Christian period, though the pact with evil forces there in May all the myths and cultures. Financial success, beauty or ability to do special things were labeled as supernatural powers obtained through a secret pact with an entity, how else than mischievous (?), In exchange, of course, of the soul.Musicians, writers, artists of any kind were often accused signed a pact with the devil in exchange for their virtuosity, wealth or fame. In the following we present the stories of six such people, perhaps best known in the business of selling the souls, and their experiences tulburatoarele ...

Urbain Grandier (1590 - 1634)

Urbain Grandier is the name of that bind, perhaps in May known case of accusation and condemnation to death with the devil and acts of witchcraft. Grandier was, as few would expect a priest. A Catholic priest from Sainte Croix church in Loudon, catholic diocese of Poitiers, France.Before, however, his reputation as a man dressed as a monastic robe, Grandier was made ​​known by his amorous adventures and frequent sexual scandals involving women from every social class, a veritable Rasputin of France. In addition, the vicious priest was also a passionate enemy of the famous Cardinal Richelieu, one against whom he wrote several pamphlets whom acid and repeatedly addressed public criticism.

The scandal began in 1632, year when Mother Superior of the Ursuline nuns of the convent of Loudun, sister Jeanne des Anges, accused Grandier publicly that he sent a powerful demon, Asmodai on to commit improper acts with her. Soon, most nuns had made ​​similar complaints. Against the priest had risen absolutely everyone, including lawyer and one of the personal advisers of King of France, both parents of young seduced by Grandier, and that without the call here on its main enemy, Cardinal Richelieu. In front of an audience made ​​up of over 7000 of people , experts exorcists of the Catholic Church (Capuchin father, tranquil, the Franciscan and the Jesuit Lactance, Jean-Joseph Surin) had the biggest exorcism in the history of France. All Ursuline nuns were exorcised public, claiming that priests were able identify no more than 18 powerful demons posedasera them. When he tried to defend Grandier nuns asking simple questions to answer Greek (speaking of unknown tongues is a sign of demonic possession), they refused, claiming that they signed a pact that will not ever speak Greek. In Instead, the urban home Grandier, Inquisitors have uncovered a document that claimed that the pact is signed proof of the accused with the devil himself and his demons. Act, written in blood, in Latin, from tail to head, is preserved today in the National Library of France (pictured below).

Grandier was burned at the stake on charges of witchcraft and the pact with the devil. Today, skeptics inclined to give justice to those who argue that it was not only a contest of unfortunate circumstances for priest accused of all these misfortunes. Cardinal Richelieu was longing to remove it, sister Jeanne des Anges was refused when he made ​​his amorous advances Grandier and senior officials of the king had seen a sudden the grandparents of the offspring French Don Juan. Or maybe it was nothing but vengeance demons Urban Grandier pact already over? Dr. Johann Georg Faust (1480 -1540) Because of its association with literary or legendary characters that influenced them, it is difficult to determine today the real character of life that existed in reality as the Faust. Most likely, Faust was born in Germany, Helmstadt, around the years 1480/1481. By the age of 30 years, Faust completes its studies in his native country and in Krakow, where obtaining a doctorate in theology. In addition, the mysterious character is distinguished by his abilities as a physician, alchemist, philosopher, magician, astrologer and creator of horoscopes.

At Cracow he meets Martin Luther and Philip Melachton, Dr. Faust characters with a strong friendship links. Legend says that the two were even witnesses Faust pact concluded with the Devil himself. Rumors have been launched since the time of his life, so that the individual was fired from the University of Ehrfut where teach ancient philosophy. It is said that it was time to recognize the shadowy understanding that he had done. In a conversation with a Franciscan priest, Dr. Klinge, Faust said she would have more trust in demons than God. After such a reputation, Faust is banished from academia and the church and go to earn a living selling horoscopes and trying to turn simple metals into gold by alchemical processes. Following an experiment, the unfortunate doctor is torn to pieces by an explosion. 's medical report says the time his body was "mutilated awful," interpreted as a sign of the devil who came to share their reward him. What followed is strictly literary talent of Frank Baron, Marlowe, and Thomas Mann Ghoete.

Hermit Herman (XIII century AD)

Herman Hermit is a character as controversial as it is mysterious. The name is related appearance on the world cultural scene of the largest medieval document known to date - the famous Devil's Bible, Codex gigas, and yet, nothing, apart from a brief legend, does not speak of the life that created (improperly said) gigantic work. Legend has it that somewhere in the thirteenth century, the Benedictine monastery of Podlazice (today's Czech Republic), a certain priest Herman had committed a sin so hard that could not even be uttered . Confratelui shocked that their rulers Benedictine monastery decided, by mutual agreement, the only punishment that Herman would have deserved its building was alive. Terrified by the prospect that reserved to him the other monks, Herman would have begged in tears to spare her life. Instead, he would be followed to write in a book one evening covering all the teachings of the world's largest and most comprehensive book ever written. Surprise, the priests would have agreed to give them an evening sinner yet to prove what may. Last night the hermit Herman did, from what is said a pact with the devil. In exchange for his soul, the devil would have written what remains in history as the Codex gigas - Devil's Bible, and it would be saved from dying painful Herman.

Mysteries manuscript first, but, just now. Weighing 75 pounds and almost a meter long, tanned skin required codex of 160 donkeys to be fully realized. It takes at least two strong men to be transported. In addition to a variant of Vulgar Latin Bible, the Bible, filled with demonic images and a huge portrait of the devil, Codex gigas also contains Isidore of Seville's Etymologia, Jewish History historian Flavius ​​Joseph, Chronicle of Cosmas of Prague Bohemia, numerous treaties of history, medicine, and etymology, a list of monks of the monastery Podlazice, a calendar with an obituary, a lot of magical formulas, spells and local notes. The entire document is written in Vulgar Latin and the last notes stop in 1229. graphology experts say that the author of Codex was one character and not more, as used in the Middle Ages. It is curious that such a document to achieve monumental, should have been at least 30 years (meaning that Herman had written a line every 20 seconds and that would have spent several hours each illustration). And yet, the data indicate that there graphologic even the slightest change in writing or any sign of fatigue, changes during the inevitable for a man so many years.

Another mystery surrounding the disappearance Codex is also the 7th page of the original 320. No one knows where and when pages are gone, but rumors say that their absence is due to the very content that could seriously affect the Benedictine order. In addition, Devil's Bible has earned a reputation for Plaza real bad, it brings disaster on the most its owners, from mental illness, fire and destruction seemingly without explanation. Currently, Codex gigas is kept at the Royal Library in Stockholm, Sweden. Niccolo Paganini (1782 - 1840) Certainly, few of those reading this material may think of the great Italian composer and violinist as an individual what she skills gained from a pact with the devil. But a closer look at the sources reveals that Paganini weather was not bad away from rumors and more, he chose not to deny them again. In fact, even in time of his birth in a poor family without gambling merchant, his mother had a dream premonition, in which he was told that her son will get the biggest violinist the world has ever known.Following this dream, his parents did everything to fulfill prophecy. By the age of seven years, learned to perfectly mystery Paganini's violin and mandolin, the first instruments to perform. By the age of 11 years began to give performances alone, for up to 13 years is already known as a violin virtuoso. Up to 19 years began to compose music alone, and at 23 years old already created huge works of a value. At 27 he already had a huge public success and a crazy ... and rumors about secret pact to assure such a reputation already circulating on everyone's lips . It is curious that when asked if such a rumor is true, Paganini said nonchalantly: "How else do you think I could play the way they do?".

Paganini's decline began at the age of 40, when he was diagnosed with syphilis. Empirical treatments of the time, treatments that included mercury and opium, and virtually destroyed health. Always dressed in black, pale, almost without any teeth, Paganini was only a shadow of beautiful and talented young astonish Europe. People were convinced that the price now paid Paganini who gave unnatural talent. Robert Johnson (1911 - 1938) With the exception of blues music enthusiasts, few are those who know the legend of the black singer with a meteoric rise on the American scene. Robert Johnson was born on a plantation in rural Mississippi in 1911. His desire most, since childhood, was to play the guitar and becoming a famous blues man but, apparently, wanted serious talent left in this regard. Then, during the teenage years, Johnson was advised to take the old guitar and disagreement of unsuccessful attempts to compose music blues, and to seek their fortune at midnight at a crossroads.

Even Robert says he did so at the crossing roads near Dockery Plantation, where, at midnight, he met a man solid color (the Devil). It would have taken the young guitar for a few seconds, would be given a few agreements and would be bound blues, then I would be lying back guitar. Covenant was made. Robert Johnson sell his soul in exchange for talent.And soon, Johnson became famous, one of the greatest blues singers in the history of the United States of America. His plays have come to influence musicians and famous bands, from Muddy Waters, Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton and Jeff Beck, Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin and Johnny Winter. In addition, Eric Clapton said in a television interview that Robert Johnson was " the most important blues singer that ever lived " . The sign of the devil? Pure coincidence? Nobody will ever know. The fact is that Johnson died at only 27 years, poisoned, apparently, the jealous husband of a woman he invited to the dance ...

Robert Johnson - Hellhound On My Trail

Six remained behind (figure destined?) Albums of genius. In most of there songs that make reference to meeting with the devil in the middle of the night or canteratelui fears he will go to Hell.

Robert Johnson-Crossroad

Jonathan Moulton (1726 - 1787)

nicknamed Yankee Faust, Jonathan Moulton was, in fact, an individual who has given birth to many legends of supernatural flavor, that beyond its influence on real historical events in New Hampshire, USA. Faced with financial problems since childhood, Jonathan worked as an apprentice to a carpenter until the age of 19 years, at which point he left to enlist in the service of the State of New Hampshire militia. In a short time is called the captain of a regiment of mountain troops and, as such, carries numerous battles with Ossippe Indians, allies of France in the Anglo-French war, the war known as King George (1744-1748). This was noted by his deeds of bravery and, as a reward, he received land from the former territory of the Indians stretched Ossippe.

At the end of the war, Jonathan Moulton married Abigail Smith, who would give them no less than 11 children. At that time, Moulton opened a small shop and tried to put up a business in which to import goods from Europe to North America. His business, however, proved an unprofitable and financial problems began to make its mark on its large families. It was when they started to appear and legends Moulton pact would be signed with the devil. The fact is that, for unknown reasons, spouses Moulton began to behave as if it never knew what poverty is. Money not an issue and everything seemed to go smoothly.

Legend has it that Jonathan would have sold his soul to the devil to escape the terrible poverty that you press. In exchange for his soul every day of the month, the devil would have them fill boots with gold coins. That is until Moulton, eager for money nemunciti would have come up with something funny. He cut a hole in the floor, over which he placed some huge shoes without soles. Thus, any gold would have cast the devil, the coins would be passed directly into the basement, leaving the impression that never got the boots. Devil understood, however, fetch the captain and as a reward, the house burned to the ground and made ​​all the gold while the family gathered to Moulton disappeared. J onathan died in 1787. It is said that when his relatives have wanted to open the coffin, it was not found inside a bag of gold than the devil sign on it. Skeptics insist that Moulton was buried in a grave with no name and no one knows where is this place ever.

Top 10: Future Weapons

Despite its claims to the species evolved and superior compared to other living organisms with which it shares the planet, man gave up the idea of war at all. On the contrary even, helped by galloping technology, is preparing to launch a new generation of deadly weapons, whose potential is higher even deadly weapons invented by science fiction authors famous sites.

Restless minds thought in secret laboratories of the armed forces belonging to the great powers, weapons XXI century promise to emulate the power to destroy all instruments of death invented by mankind so far.

10. Information War

New information technologies will have on the battle front as direct target flow of information on enemy operations. At the same time, attempts will be to protect intelligence and communication channels such piracy in the country due , and of its allies.

How they work: Information war specifically targeting communication networks and computers.Hackers experts employed by any self-respecting army - and called crackers - their mission to break the codes and passwords that protect computers and networks enemy, to steal information or spread viruses it very difficult to eliminate. Departments of jamming, interception of the future will benefit from technologies armies in November , held in secret, with which can block the TV or radio communications immediately. Misinformation can move so freely.

Limitations: as a prime example, the U.S. military relies on computers and communications in Maythan any other army in the world. Thus, it can have an extremely powerful weapon, but very vulnerable and can turn against them at any time .
In addition, as proved last confrontation in Iraq and Afghanistan, is completely ineffective information war against opponents who do not give a shit about technology.

9. Missile defense systems

Even today, overlapping sets of missiles offers the best protection in a ballistic missile attack. In future, these instruments of death, derived from the famous "Stalin's organs", which have sown death during the Second World War, will be equipped with high performance sensors, which will increase, at least in theory, effective to the extent that they can eliminate any threat of rockets.

How they work: multiple missile systems will be programmed to destroy enemy missiles in three different situations:
1. In the initial phase - start - a ballistic missile when its engines ignite and thus can be easily identified after thermal footprint.
2. In the continental missile to target the race
in March. In the finals, when he crossed the border country and is preparing to make contact with the target.
Each of the stages require different technologies for the destruction of enemy missile to be destroyed in due time.

Limitations: missile batteries success depends on the efficiency with which they can intercept the enemy missile destruction in the three phases mentioned. Such a missile program is extremely expensive; build from; therefore costs, location, testing and service are unbearable even by a rich country. Although the destruction in the first phase is the most effective anti-missile system is very inefficient in case of attacks from different geographical areas or of successive volleys of rockets that do not allow time to muster and identification.

8. Weapons based on very strong microwave frequencies (best known as e-bombs)

A powerful weapon capable of emitting microwave beams can "fry", literally, computers, electronics and electrical appliances of the enemy. This kind of weapons there are currently many armed forces having their direction component of microwave weapons. (Not to be confused, however, military information technologies described above.) Communications systems can easily destroy military and civilian are a breeze for such a device.

How they work: a strong electromagnetic field enhancement will be further transformed into a focused microwave flux. Flow will be routed directly to the target that needs to be destroyed, be it tank destroyers, aircraft, helicopter or car transport. Flow burn, simply electrical and electronic equipment, making it unusable enemy weapons. In particular, electrical semiconductors are very sensitive to a "bombardment" microwave. Special bombs generate the strongest flows, able to cover large areas, but smaller generators attached to the aircraft or helicopters can accurately identify targets, a tank can easily incapacity or an enemy plane.

Limitations: effects depend on the configuration and conditions on the battlefield is difficult to predict. Sensitive military equipment of the enemy can also be protected by energy shields, and a microwave flow against them can be easily diverted aggressor even in camp.

7. Guns on power

It all started in the '80s, with the advent of market self-defense items electroshock devices. Small devices, commonly called "Taser" or "shock", soon came to the attention of military strategists, who were thought to produce electroshock devices the size of a cannon.

How they work: special mechanism equipped with a cannon will shoot arrows equipped with electric cables. The weapon can burn the electrical installation of an enemy tank or can be used on groups of soldiers from enemy assault troops. In this case, it is necessary, of course, an adaptation of the weapon. Electrical pulse passes through the human body temporarily voluntary control of muscles, leading to the capture of a large number of prisoners.

Limitations: people who are victims of a Taser can be quite serious injuries when they fall to the ground, no longer any control over their own bodies. Arrows can hurt your neck, eyes or genitals.Death can occur easily in cases where power is not adjusted properly taserelor view.

6. Nuclear missiles

Probably the most dangerous weapons at hand man, missiles with nuclear warheads with a destructive power unmatched by any other weapon.

How they work: one or more nuclear warheads will be mounted on a ballistic missile, which is then launched vertically. Rocket can be high up in the upper atmosphere, and will be guided from the ground or from space directly to the destination set, which will explode with effects often incalculable.Obviously, in the future, technology will produce guidance and control systems more advanced than today, which will increase efficiency and missiles with nuclear warheads danger.

Limitations: These weapons are so terrible and destructive, that is unlikely to be used in war. In addition, instead of launching a nuclear missile trajectory and can be identified almost instantaneously by enemies, which can replicate, in turn, with nuclear missiles. Obviously, if a nuclear war there will be no winners or losers, in fact, considering the almost incalculable damage the ability of new nuclear missiles, it seems that there would be no life form on Earth, after such a apocalyptic scenario.

5. Active Denial System (also known as millimeter wave weapon term)

Rays and microwave beams were created in order to disperse people protesting violently without cause them harm. Most police forces in the world possess such weapons, machines attached to the ground.

How they work: in the context of large-scale military confrontation, will produce enlarged replicas of these weapons, which will be attached to military vehicles "ametirii" enemy soldiers. A 2 meter long antenna and a mobile generator that produces the beam of radiation with frequency of 95 gigahertz (wavelength = approx. 3 mm) will be easily attached to land tanks and cars. Typically, about 0.3 mm layer of human skin will absorb the radiation, which will cause intense pain in the first 5 seconds of exposure.
People will flee immediately, if they could ...
Such a "ray of death "can immobilize, literally, the group of people on whom it is directed.

Limitations: if people fail to come to the time of the beam range can be chosen with serious injuries or even death can occur. Human skin is burned awful if such visits the beam on to more than 1-2 minutes.
beam overheating and metal objects carried by people, such as rings, wedding bands, jewelry, coins or weapons, leading to amplification of heartburn.

4. Air Force hypersonic (or scramjet famous sites)

A fighter will exceed class hypersonic Mach 5 - five times the speed of sound - with the ability to hit any target on earth within a less than two hours. It will also be able to launch a satellite into orbit Earth.

How will it work: to take off, a hypersonic aircraft will be attached to another aircraft or will be equipped with its own engine and tanks to allow him off the ground and achieve those amazing speeds. The engine will be able to transport plane at high altitude, where air density and the resistance is lower. From that altitude, the aircraft will be able to reach hypersonic speeds, and then can pass the type scramjet engine.

Limitations: technology to create a super-plane is also in an early stage of development, with many technical problems still unresolved. Scramjet engine can not start until after the plane broke the speed of sound. In addition, hypersonic flights were demonstrated only through prototype unmanned aircraft, which were transported at high speed at high altitudes by other aircraft. Until now, hypersonic prototypes are too small to carry a pilot.

3. Space Weapons

Space remains the last territory conquered, so future extra-orbital weapons will be able to identify and destroy targets not only on Earth but also those located in space.

How they work: The main mission of space weapons will be to provide protection in situations of ballistic missile strikes directed against targets on Earth. Fleets of interceptors, with battle stations, continue to remain on orbit for the express purpose of drawing on ballistic missiles.

Limitations: functional technology to such weapons is still in its infancy. Reaction times should be very short. Interceptors must identify and destroy missiles in time, which is extremely difficult. Laser technologies need chemical fuels or electricity to function optimally, it is still impossible in conditions of space.

2. High power lasers

This type of lasers used for military purposes, are powerful rays that penetrate the distances from Earth or space in a straight line fine. Laser beam moving at lightning speed and can hit instantly at distances of thousands of kilometers.

How they work: giant-sized mirrors will focus powerful laser beams on small points of target. Heat produced in this way will be so strong that will produce fuel surface targets. This translates into the destruction of missile warheads, military aircraft or tank explosion and ground bunkers.

Limitations: for a laser to be effective in combat, it takes huge amounts of energy production.Targets can be destroyed almost instantly, with less expense, with missiles, torpedoes and other projects. Powerful lasers, driven by electricity or fuel, are enormous, which is already a major impediment in the current military conflict.
For example, the U.S. Airborne Laser fits only in the impressive size of a Boeing 747 aircraft. Also, transport by air turbulence can disperse energy inherent in the laser beam.

1. Autonomous weapons

Are, in fact, robotic vehicles, still in experimental phase, from which is expected to destroy enemy troops, plus military ground and air, without risk of human losses

How they work: integrated onboard computer robots will interpret the information received from sensors, in order to identify targets and hostile forces. Human control robots will wait before he shoots the enemy or will have some degree of autonomy in decision allowing them to choose when they will attack targets.
military robots will be able to identify and protect allied troops or soldiers and local devices.

Limitations: Currently, cybernetics and robotics great difficulty in setting up programs through which military robots can distinguish between Allied troops and enemy troops and civilians or between different objectives, animals or other moving targets.
Control systems managed by people are still vulnerable to failures of transmission.
There is a risk, very obvious, like a robot with defects, whether even minor, to pull out of control or discrimination of any targets.